References
  Postpartum Thyroiditis

John H. Lazarus


  1. Roberton HEW. Lassitude, coldness, and hair changes following pregnancy, and their response to treatment with thyroid extract. Br Med J 1948; 2: 93-94.


  2. Amino N, Miyai KJ, Onishi T et al. Transient hypothyroidism after delivery in autoimmune thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 42: 296-301.


  3. Ginsberg J, Walfish PG. Postpartum transient thyrotoxicosis with painless thyroiditis. Lancet 1977; 1: 1125-1128.


  4. Amino N, Iwatani Y, Tamaki H, Mori H, Aozasa M, Miyai K. Postpartum autoimmune thyroid syndromes. In: Walfish PG, Wall JR, Volpe R, editors. Autoimmunity and The Thyroid. Academic Press, London, 1985: 289-314.


  5. Stagnaro-Green A. Postpartum thyroiditis: Prevalence, etiology and clinical implications. Thyroid Today 1993; XVI: (no.4) 1-11.


  6. Hall R. Pregnancy and autoimmune endocrine disease. Bailliere's Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 9: 137-155.


  7. Smallridge RC. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction: a frequently undiagnosed endocrine disorder. The Endocrinologist 1996; 6: 44-50.


  8. Amino N, Mori H, Iwantani Y et al. High prevalence of transient post-partum thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 849-852.


  9. Jansson R, Bernander S, Karlsson A, Levin K, Nilsson G. Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction in the postpartum period. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab 1984; 58: 681-687.


  10. Nikolai TF, Turney SL, Roberts RC. Postpartum lymphocytic thyroiditis. Arch Intern Med 1987; 221-224.


  11. Fung HYM, Kologlu M, Collison K. et al. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction in Mid Glamorgan. Br Med J 1988; 296: 241-244.


  12. Rajatanavin R, Laor C, Tirarungsikul K, Chalayondeja W, Jittivanich U, Puapradit W. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction in Bangkok: A geographical variation in the prevalence. Acta Endocrinologica 1990; 122: 283-287.


  13. Walfish PG, Meyerson J, Provias JP, Vargas MT, Papsin FR. Prevalence and characteristics of post-partum thyroid dysfunction: results of a survey from Toronto, Canada. J Endocrinol Invest 1992; 15: 265-272.


  14. Gerstein HC. How common is postpartum thyroiditis? A methodologic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1397-1400.


  15. Weetman AP. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and postpartum thyroiditis: an important association (editorial: comment). J Clin Endocrinol & Metab 1994; 79: 7-9.


  16. Lazarus JH, Hall R, Othman S et al. The clinical spectrum of postpartum thyroid disease. Quart J Med 1996; 89: 429-435.


  17. Harris B, Othman S, Davies J et al.Association between postpartum thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies and depression. Br Med J 1992; 305: 152-156.


  18. Cunningham ET, Souza EB. Interleukin 1 receptors in the brain and endocrine tissues. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 171-176.


  19. Lazarus JH, Harris B, Parkes AB. Depression and postpartum thyroid disease [PPTD]- A clinical enigma. Proc. of First National Congress of Neuroendocrinology; 1996 Sept. 27-28; Bucharest. Bucharest: Romanian Psychoneuroendocrine Society (in press).


  20. John R, Othman S, Parkes AB, Lazarus JH, Hall R. Interference in thyroid function tests in postpartum thyroiditis. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 1397-1400.


  21. Adams H, Jones MC, Othman S et al. The sonographic appearances in postpartum thyroiditis. Clin Radiol 1992; 45: 311-318.


  22. Othman S, Phillips DIW, Lazarus JH, Parkes AB, Richards C, Hall R. Iodine metabolism in postpartum thyroiditis. Thyroid 1992; 2: 107-111.


  23. Parkes AB, Black EG, Adams H et al. Serum Thyroglobulin - An early indicator of autoimmune postpartum thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol 1994; 41: 9-14.


  24. Othman S, Phillips DIW, Parkes AB et al. A long-term follow-up of postpartum thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol 1990; 32: 559-564.


  25. Premawardhana LDKE, Lazarus JH, Adams H, Parkes AB. Abnormalities of thyroid function and morphology 7-10 years after postpartum thyroid dysfunction [PPTD]. J Endocrinol Invest 1996; 19: 74 (abstr. 147)


  26. Amino N, Miyai K, Kuro P et al. Transient postpartum hypothyroidism: Fourteen cases with autoimmune thyroiditis. Ann Inter Med 1977; 87: 155-159.


  27. Dahlberg PA, Jansson R. Different aetiologies in post-partum thyroiditis. Acta Endocrinologica 1983; 104: 195-200.


  28. Lazarus JH, Ammari F, Oretti R, Parkes AB, Richards CJ, Harris B. Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis. British Journal of General Practice 1996 (in press).


  29. Weetman AP, McGregor AM. Autoimmune thyroid disease: further developments in our understanding. Endocrine Reviews 1994; 15: (6) 788-830.


  30. Mizukami Y, Michigishi T, Nonomura A et al. Postpartum thyroiditis - A clinical, histologic and immunologic study of 15 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 100: 200-205.


  31. Jansson R, Karlsson FA, Linde A, Sjoberg O. Postpartum activation of autoimmunity: transient increase of total IgG levels in normal women and in women with autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 70: 68-73.


  32. Jansson R, Thompson PM, Clark F, McLachlan SM. Association between thyroid microsomal antibodies of subclass IgG-1 and hypothyroidism in autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol 1986; 63: 80-86.


  33. Hall R, Fung M, Kologlu M, Collison K, Marco J, Parkes AB et al. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction. In: Pinchera A, Ingbar SH, McKenzie JM, Fenzi GF, editors. Thyroid Autoimmunity. New York: Plenum Press, 1987: 211-219.


  34. Briones-Urbina R, Parkes AB, Bogner U, Mariotti S, Walfish P G. Increase in antimicrosomal antibody related IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 and titres of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, but not antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity in post-partum thyroiditis with transient hyperthyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 1990;1-3: 879-886.


  35. Weetman AP, Fung HYM, Richards CJ, McGregor AM. IgG subclass distribution and relative functional affinity of thyroid microsomal antibodies in postpartum thyroiditis. Eur J Clin Invest 1990; 20: 133-136.


  36. Jaume JC, Parkes AB, Lazarus JH et al. Thyroid peroxidase autoantibody fingerprints. II. A longitudinal study in postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol & Metab 1995; 80: 1000-1005.


  37. Parkes AB, Williams S, Howells RD et al. The measurement of complement fixation by autoantibodies directed against thyroid membrane antigens. J Clin Lab Immunol 1991; 35: 1-7.


  38. Parkes AB, Harris R, Williams S, Lazarus JH, Waters JS. An ELISA for the measurement of complement C3 activation by autoantibodies directed against thyroid membrane antigens. J Clin Lab Immunol 1991; 35: 139-145.


  39. Parkes AB, Othman S, Hall R, John R, Richards CJ, Lazarus JH. The role of complement in the pathogenesis of postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 395-400.


  40. Parkes AB, Adams H, Othman S, Hall R, John R, Lazarus JH. The role of complement in the pathogenesis of postpartum thyroiditis. Ultrasound echogenicity and the degree of complement induced thyroid damage. Thyroid 1996; 6: 169-174.


  41. Parkes AB, Othman S, Hall R, John R, Lazarus JH. The role of complement in the pathogenesis of postpartum thyroiditis: Relationship between complement activation and disease presentation and progression. Eur J Endocrinol 1995; 133: 210-215.


  42. Watts M, Dankest JR, Morgan BP. Isolation and characterisation of a membrane attack- complex-inhibiting protein present in human serum and other biological fluids. Biochem J 1990; 265: 471-477.


  43. McCullough B, Hall R, Morgan BP, Parkes AB, Lazarus JH. Lack of terminal -complement component in postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) - A possible explanation for transient disease. J Endocrinol 1994; 140: 251.


  44. Gleicher N, Deppe G, Cohen CJ. Common aspects of immunologic tolerance in pregnancy and malignancy. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 54: 335-342.


  45. Sridama V, Pacini F, Yang SL, Moawad A, Reilly M, DeGroot LJ. Decreased levels of helper T-cells: a possible cause of immunodeficiency in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 352-356.


  46. Barnett MA, Learmonth RP, Pihl E, Wood EC. T helper lymphocyte depression in early pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 1983; 5: 55-57.


  47. Iwatani Y, Amino N, Tachi J et al. Changes of lymphocyte subsets in normal pregnant and postpartum women: postpartum increase of NK/K (Leu 7) cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 1988; 18: 52-55.


  48. Stagnaro-Green A, Roman H, Cobin RH, El-Harazy E, Wallenstein S, Davies TF. Prospective study of lymphocyte-initiated immunosuppression in normal preg-nancy: Evidence of a T-cell etiology for postpartum thyroid dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 645-653.


  49. Tachi J, Amino N, Tamaki H, Aozaso M, Iwatani Y, Miyai K. Long term follow up and HLA association in patients with postpartum hypothyroidism. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 1988; 66: 480- 484.


  50. Kologlu M, Fung H, Darke C, Richards CJ, Hall R, McGregor AM. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction and HLA status. Eur J Clin Invest 1990; 20: 56-60.


  51. Farid NR, Hawe BS, Walfish PG. Increased frequency of HLA-DR3 and 5 in the syndromes of painless thyroiditis with transient thyrotoxicosis: evidence for an autoimmune etiology. Clin Endocrinol 1983; 19: 699-704.


  52. Thompson P, Farid NR. Post-partum thyroiditis and goitrous (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis are associated with HLA-DR4. Immunol Letts 1985; 11: 301.


  53. Lervang HH, Pryds O, Kristensen HPO, Jakobsen BK, Svejgaard A. Post-partum autoimmune thyroid disorder associated with HLA-DR4? Tissue Antigens 1984; 23: 250-252.


  54. Jansson R, Safwenberg J, Dahlberg PA. Influence of the HLA-DR4 antigen and iodine status on the development of autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60: 168-173.


  55. Vargas MT, Briones-Urbina R, Gladman D, Papsin FR, Walfish PG. Antithyroid microsomal autoantibodies and HLA-DR5 are associated with postpartum thyroid dysfunction: Evidence supporting an autoimmune pathogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 327-333.


  56. Parkes AB, Darke C, Othman S et al. MHC class II and complement polymorphism in postpartum thyroiditis. Eur J Endocrinol 1996; 134: 449-453.


  57. Pryds O, Lervang H.-H., Ostergaard Kristensen HP, Jakobsen BK, Svejgaard A. HLA-DR factors associated with postpartum hypothyroidism: an early manifestati-on of Hashimoto's thyroiditis? Tissue Antigens 1987; 30: 34-37.


  58. Farid NR, Sampson L, Moens H, Barnard LM. The association of goitrous autoim-mune thyroiditis with HLA-DR5. Tissue Antigens 1981; 17: 265-268.


  59. Svejgaard A, Platz P, Ryder LP. HLA and disease susceptibility: Clinical implications. Clin Immunol Rev 1994; 4: 567-580.


  60. Badenhoop K, Schwarz G, Walfish PG, Drummond V, Usadel KH, Bottazzo GF. Susceptibility to thyroid autoimmune disease: Molecular markers for goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 1131-1137.


  61. Tandon N, Zhang L, Weetman AP. HLA associations with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol 1991; 34: 383-386.


  62. Ratanachaiavong S, Demaine AG, Campbell RD, McGregor AM. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and complement C4 genotypes in patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 84: 48-52.


  63. Pop VJ, de Vries E, van Baar AL et al. Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: A marker of impaired child development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 3561- 3566.


  64. Hayslip CC, Fein HG, O'Donnell VM, Friedman DS, Klein TA, Smallridge RC. The value of serum antimicrosomal antibody testing in screening for symptomatic postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 203-209.


  65. Solomon BL, Fein HG, Smallridge RC. Usefulness of antimicrosomal antibody titers in the diagnosis and treatment of postpartum thyroiditis. J Fam Pract 1993; 36: 177-182.